Lanterns (choochin)

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Lanterns with Daruma, Daruma Choochin
だるま提灯
choochin 提灯 / 提燈 / チョウチン Chochin, Lantern, Lanterne



This one is from Hakone.

This type of lantern with Daruma is a common souvenir found in many tourist areas. I have some from Kamakura, Miyajima and other famous places.


. bake-choochin 化け提灯　Bake-Chochin, Monster Lantern .
Chōchin-obake 提灯お化け, "paper lantern ghost"

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On this page, you can click on the arrow and see the whole process of making a paper lantern. It takes a while to upload.

だるま提灯の作成行程
提灯が仕上がるまでの作業工程を説明しています。
骨組みの作成から紙貼りまでを紹介しています。
http://www14.plala.or.jp/chouchin/koutei/koutei.htm


The bamboo grid is made either of one long bamboo spiral, which breakes quite easily but is cheap to make.
Or circles of different size are adjusted around a woode frame and then sewn together with a string. They are covered with paper and the wooden frame form taken out. Then each fold is carefully made with the fingers.
This type is more expensive and called Lantern from Kyoto (kyoo choochin 京提灯)
. . . CLICK here for kyoto lantern Photos !


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From a collector of lanterns, here is one from Tsumagome/Magome, Nagano.
妻籠・馬籠（長野）　だるま型提灯



http://www.lcv.ne.jp/~surgek/tyoutinmagome.htm

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Two modern lanterns, with electrical fixtures for indoors.



『招福だるま提灯』, 有限会社　　三好商店
Good Luck Daruma From Miyoshi Store, Takamatsu, Shikoku
http://www.netwave.or.jp/~cyouchin/interior.htm


His homepage about lanterns in English
http://www.netwave.or.jp/~cyouchin/paperlantern2.htm

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During the Winter Festival in Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido, lanterns of Snowman Daruma were used.
なかしべつ冬まつり



http://www.nakamap.or.jp/tiikikanko/kanko/fuyumaturi/27th.htm

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During the winter festival of Takasaki town, the town of origin of the modern Daruma dolls, there are also Daruma lanterns made every year by the children.
町の通りの街灯にも子供たちが作っただるま提灯が飾られ、祭囃子の練習も始まっています。



http://www.pref.gunma.jp/g/02/nigiwai/genki-news-15.htm

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Here is a Japanese Daruma Lantern in the city of Seoul, Korea.
http://www.pusannavi.com/daynews/daily_photo.html?id=234

I also found some simple lanterns, made in China, for many modern events in Japan.

In the story about the Blowfish (fugu, Japan) you find a lantern made out of a dead fish!

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Quote from
Japanese Interiors, Paper Lanterns -- chochin

A "chochin" is a hand crafted paper lantern made of bamboo and Japanese washi paper. Well, at least it used to be. Now, of course, you can find factory-made plastic ones that look exactly like the real thing. Chochin cast a serene glow, simple and elegant.

Chochin lanterns are very common throughout Japan. Restaurants hang them near their entrance, indicating that they are open for business. They are generally less formal, and more utilitarian, than other traditional decorations like hanging scrolls.

To a western eye, they are perhaps one of the most widely recognizable Japanese decorations, next to, perhaps, woodblock prints or folding screens.

Chochin containing a candle were widely used during the Edo period (1603-1869) as a portable light source. During the Edo period the night-time was darker than it is today and people had to travel on foot. Odawara Chochin was both useful and psychologically reassuring because of the belief that it protected people against evil spirits. For these reasons, it was widely used, particularly by travelers from the beginning of the 18th century.

The Odawara chochin is perhaps the most well-known. Named after a person who was living in Odawara, now a city in Kanagawa, the prefecture just south of Tokyo, the Odawara chochin have three distinguishing features.

They are collapsible, small and light enough to fit in the bosom of a kimono.
They are durable and can be used in inclement weather.
It is believed that they are able to protect people against evil spirits, especially when constructed of materials gathered from sacred locations.
http://www.japanese-interiors.com/japanese-lanterns.htm

挑燈（ちょうちん） making chochin source : edoichiba tyoutin

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"Chochin" was a kind of lantern at Japan in the olden times. At those days, "Chochin" served as a flash light when people went out at night. Japanese Lantern-"Chochin" made of a bamboo frame with paper covering. A candle burns inside. Today, "Chochin" is mainly used in festival at various Japanese towns. The design, pinted picture of Geisha makes it suitable for home decor.
http://www.existenz.co.jp/fu2.htm


About Lanterns from Odawara, Odawara Chochin
Chochin (Japanese lantern) widely used during the Edo period (1603-1869) is portable light that use candle as a light source. Japanese paper is applied to a spiral-shaped coil of finely split bamboo, and rings are fitted to the top and bottom of the Chochin so it can be collapsed and folded flat.
http://web-japan.org/atlas/crafts/cra10.html


Odawara Lantern

In the pun-language of the Yoshiwara pleasure quarters, this was also an expression for an old man's penis.

Odawara choochin　小田原提灯　

. Regional Folk Craft from Japan .


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Big Lantern Festival . Oochoochin Matsuri
at Suwa Shrine and other places
大提灯（おおちょうちん）諏訪神社
. . . CLICK here for Photos !



. Gifu 岐阜提灯 Gifu Chochin, Lanterns from Gifu .
With delicate hand-painted patterns. Almost like Bon Choochin.

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Sanuki Choochin, Sanuki Chochin, Lanterns from Sanuki
讃岐提灯
With three layers, innermost with dragon, middle with sutras, outside with pattern



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source :　blog.livedoor.jp/suntronix_fuga

kokeshi choochin こけし灯籠 lanterns in the form of wooden dolls

. kokeshi こけし wooden dolls, Kokeshi .


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Lanterns for O-Bon, bonjoochin 盆提灯
(bon choochin) ぼんぢょうちん

There are two types, to hang and to stand. Usually they are made to turn around and around, producing nice shadows on the paper screens of the walls and windows of a typical Japanese home.
They serve the same purpose as the fires at the entrance, to welcome and later to send off the souls of the ancestors.

Standing Lanterns

http://www.butsudanya.co.jp/shop_chochin2.html

Hanging Lanterns

http://www.butsudanya.co.jp/goods_chochin1.html

Link in Japanese
盆提灯はなぜ飾るのですか？ nadonado
http://www.butsudanya.co.jp/bon_chochin5.html

Preparing bamboo lanterns for o-bon
This time they use halfcut bamboo pieces with candles to produce a natural light.
Look at the photos here:
http://pictures.nicolas.delerue.org/japan/200408_Nara_Obon/Nara_Obon_5352.html

Read more about O-Bon as a kigo for early autumn for a haiku.
Bon Festival (o-bon) お盆


盆提灯たためば熱き息をせり　
bonjoochin tatameba atsuki iki o seri

this bon lantern -
when it is closed it lets out
a hot breath

Nonaka Ryosuke (Ryoosuke) 野中亮介 (1958 - )


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鳥羽（三重）from Toba, Mie prefecture

Look at many many many more :
source : kunio.raindrop.jp

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. List of Edo craftsmen　江戸の職人 .



. Edo Tegaki Chochin 江戸手描提灯
Hand-Painted Paper Lanterns .
火袋提灯 hibukuro chochin (literally "fire bag lanterns")
高張提灯 takahari chochin parade lanterns with long poles

From the mid Edo Period onward, a great number of craftsmen skilled in calligraphy and brushwork resided in Edo's Asakusa district. Wholesaling systems were developed in the Meiji Era (1868-1912), this resulted in a growing division of tasks between chochin production processes and character/crest decoration processes. Even today, some Tokyo craftsmen make a living based on writing Japanese characters on finished hibukuro 火袋 ("fire bag lanterns"). The Japanese characters written on chochin are generally referred to as being in the Edo moji style (the Edo lettering style), and such chochin calligraphers also prepare senjafuda, slips of paper bearing pilgrim names that are affixed to the gates of Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples.
Although lettering is written inside an outlined area on senjafuda 千社札, chochin lack such restrictions. This leads to a slightly more free-flowing calligraphy style. Furthermore, painting family crests on chochin differs from applying them to kimono, in that the former are painted in black ink on a white background. Crests are painted in a way that facilitates visibility from a distance, and unique methods are utilized to achieve a balanced appearance.

choochinshi　提灯師 craftsman making paper lanterns



Since the dark roads of Edo at night were not always safe, the stick to hold a lantern was quite strong and could serve as a weapon in case of need.

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choochin hari 提灯張り gluing paper to lanterns
choochin harikae 提灯張り変え gluing new paper to lanterns



Since the paper of the folding lanters broke easily, repairing them was a good job in the towns of Edo, Osaka and Kyoto. On demand the repairmen would also paint the family crest or the name of a shop on a newly repaired lantern.

. naishoku 内職　home worker, side business in Edo .

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- reference :　浮世絵　提灯 Ukiyo-E -








川瀬巴水 提灯 雪の柳橋 Yuki no Yanagibashi

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- ANDON 行灯 Andon lanterns of old -


. Yotaka andon matsuri 夜高行灯祭 (よたかあんどんまつり)
Yotaka andon lantern festival .
Fukuno no yotaka 福野の夜高（ふくののよたか）
observance kigo for late spring


. bonbori ぼんぼり / 雪洞 paper lantern .
- Introduction -


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Akachochin Jellyfish 赤提灯クラゲ Pandea rubra


. Daruma Lantern at a Shop in Saga, Kyoto 　

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"Paper Lantern Seller"
Tokuriki Tomikichiro 徳力富吉郎

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. 河童 / かっぱ / カッパ - Kappa, the Water Goblin of Japan! .
- Introduction -


source : google.co.jp


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. bake-choochin 化け提灯　Bake-Chochin, Monster Lantern .
Chōchin-obake 提灯お化け, "paper lantern ghost"

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- #chochin #paperlantern -
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Edo Daruma

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Edo Daruma　江戸だるま　江戸達磨　
Edo Papermachee Dolls, Edo Hariko 江戸張子

Red papermachee dolls, especially Daruma san, have been made in Edo as amulets to protect children from smallpox and other infectuos diseases.

半月経つと疱瘡も峠を過ぎたものとして供えた赤飯から3粒をとって紙に包み、三つ辻の角へ持っていって捨てる。この赤飯をまだ疱瘡の終わっていない子供を持つ母親が見ると持って帰って子に食べさせる。そうすると疱瘡が軽く済んだ小児にあやかることができるという。
- Papermachee Dolls　張子 /　張り子 hariko -


The Edo Daruma had been lost in time, but these days Arai Ryo
(Arai Ryoo 荒井良 )started to revive them.


. © PHOTO :　だるまさん色々


Another Daruma by Araii Ryo
Sweet Potato with a beard ...
imo hige Daruma いも髭だるま




Kodenmachoo Daruma 小伝馬町だるま
They have been made by the Family Iida in the suburb Kodenmacho.
Daruma holds his hands folded under the red garment to give it a beautiful rounding. Mouth in the form of letter HE へ, five strokes for a chin beard. The head rather flat, with a twig of wisteria flowers (fuji) painted in gold on the top of it.

Kodenmacho : Take a tour ... External Link




Daruma Yokocho Quarters in Edo

In Edo most daruma makers lived in Honjo Daruma Yokochoo　本所達磨横丁. ブルマ横丁
They made daruma to prevent epidemics. When the business went out of patients and fire destroyed this part of town, they left for some villages outside Edo and moved to Takasaki,　Koshigaya, Iwaki, and Tama (see below).
Honjo was the place where the downtown couple Chobei lived 長兵衛夫婦, now famous in a Kabuki play. In Rakugo, it is the story of Bunshichi Mottoi 文七元結.

Honjo : Take a tour ... External Link


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Edo Kites with Daruma
Edo Kaku Tako 江戸角凧
Edo Nishiki Tako　江戸錦凧 (和凧)
Edo Nishiki-e 江戸錦絵凧




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Edo Papermachee Dolls, Edo Hariko 江戸張子
Azuma hariko 東張子 papermachee dolls from Azuma

The one on the right is the Edo doll.

The one on the left is a clay doll from Nakagawa, Akita
The one in the middle is a clay doll from Nakayugawa, Fukushima


© PHOTO :　bingoya
This LINK has many more dolls !




CLICK for more phots of Edo Hariko Papermachee Dolls !


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Koshigaya Daruma 越谷だるま　





Iwaki Daruma いわきダルマ ... more photos
Iwaki Daruma 岩城だるま





Takasaki Daruma ... 高崎だるま





Tama Daruma, 多摩達磨 多摩だるま, 多摩ダルマ



Tako, kite 凧


Nagaya だるま長屋殺人事件 Row houses in Edo and Daruma

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Crafts and Trades of Japan,
with Doll-and-Flower Arrangements
Billie T. Chandler



. Edo craftsmen　江戸の職人 .

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. Edo, The City That Became Tokyo 　


. Regional Folk Toys from Japan .


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Food Offerings and Bowls

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Food Offerings and Bowls　

Food offerings (onjiki kuyoo 飲食 供養)
Speiseopfergaben

giving alms for nuns and monks, the offerings are usually rice, soup, rice cakes (mochi　餅) or nuts and sweet cakes. Rice is usually freshly cooked or in form of rice gruel. Soup should be sweetened or contain beans. The offering in form of the fruits from trees, the nuts, is an old habit in Buddhist food offerings.

The bowls used for these offerings have their origin in the normal food containers.


Food Offering at a Temple


http://ryounji.com/guan04-08/guan08.htm

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Bowls for food offerings, onjiki ki 飲食器
These bowls are used to offer the food on the altar in front of a Buddha statue. In the beginning, the begging bowls where put there on a special tray. In esoteric Buddhism, two bowls where offered as a pair, usually in the same decoration as the other ritual items on the altar.
These bowls are also used in the private home altar.

Form
They have a high foot (takatsuki, koshidaka, koodai). They are sparcely decorated, sometimes just a band of lotus flowers or Chinese arabesques. At the bottom of the foot there can be eight lotusflowers showing toward the ground.

Material
Gold, iron or other metals.

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Begging Bowl (ooki, ooryooki 應量器 応量器, hatsu, Sanskrit: paatra)
Bettelschale
Also called Iron Bowl (tetsubachi, teppatsu 鉄鉢) or Buddha Bowl (buppatsu)


http://kobori.co.jp/item/642/catid/224

Their origin is in the normal bowls used by monks and nuns on their daily round of begging (takuhatsu) in India. Nowadays in Japan we can still see the monks on certain days walking through a neighbourhood, chanting their sutras in front of the door and waiting for an offering (usually money these days).

The begging bowl is a symobl of the vow of non-possession. Apart from the cloths it was the only personal belonging of a monk or pilgrim.



Form
A round bowl, the shoulder a little wider than the opening. It is carried in a kind of scarf (hatsufuku, hattai, hatsunoo), which the monk has around his shoulder during the begging walk. Sometimes the bowl is covered by a special cover (hachigai), to keep the food clean.

Material
Usually iron or simple pottery (gahatsu), usually green, red and blue. Other colors were not allowed.
According to Hamada the following materials should NOT be used for begging bowls, since they do not agree with a monk's vow of poverty: bronze, silver, wood, dry laquer (kanshitsu 乾漆) and stone.
http://www3.ocn.ne.jp/~k.hosoda/348-D_hati.htm

Here is a set of six for sale:
(see below)

http://www.mh-unit.com/designshop/japan/ouriyouki.html

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.. .. .. .. .. .. Special types of begging bowls

Buddha Bowl (buppatsu 仏鉢)
Buddhaschale

The legend knows this:
The four heavenly gods (shitennoo) wanted to present Shakyamuni with four golden begging bowls, but he refused. He also refused to take bowls with emaille covering. Finally they brought him simpel bowls of stone which he accepted, but miraculously changed into one so that none of the gods would be offended.
He simply put the four bowls one into each other and held his hand above them, so they changed into one.


http://www.kisshodo.jp/koda-ouryouki.htm

Nowadays a begging bowl should be of a simple material. The one on the picture are of simple laquer, with spoon, chopsticks and chopstsick-holder for the daily use in a Zen temple.

Monks also use four or six bowls, one smaller then the next to hold each other, sometimes even eight bowls are used (yae mari 八重鋺）. The smallest one is called "Eating Bowl" (kenshi, kenji, kunsu) in the Zen sect. They can also be used to measure rice and beans.

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Bowl for washing rice, busshoobachi 仏餉鉢（ぶっしょうばち）
Schale zum Reiswaschen



These bowls are often seen in Northern Japan in temples of the mountain ascetics (yamabushi).
They are used to hold offerings or to wash rice. Sometimes they are small buckets with three feet or a high foot (koodai), about 20 cm high.

この胴鉢は、仏餉鉢（ぶっしょうばち）と呼ばれるもので、神前または仏前に米飯を供える飲食器（おんじきき）の一種である。飲食器が高い脚台をつけたものであるのと異なり、低い高台（こうだい）をつけた鉢形のものを仏餉鉢と呼ぶ。賽銭を受けたり、洗米を盛ったりするものとして用いられたものである。
http://www2.coresite.ne.jp/hofubunkazai/shousai.asp?id=064

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Food Offering Bowl for the home altar 仏飯器


http://www.zenbutu.com/aboutbutsugu/butugu1.htm

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Support for a begging bowl (hasshi 鉢支 , rindai　輪台,
Sanskrit: kattamaalaka)
Untersatz fuer Bettelschale



To support a round begging bowl on the altar, so that it does not topple over.
It has a wide rim, short body and one shoulder. It is just a little smaller than the corresponding begging bowl.

Material
Bronze, iron, ivory, horn, pottery, stone, bamboo or wood, sometimes with a laquer finish.


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Takuhatsu, Ritual Begging 托鉢
In Kamakura we could see the monks from the great Zen temples often, walking in the neighbourhood, chanting sutras in front of a home and waiting for a while. If they did not get an offering, they would bow quietly and walk over to the next.
At the exit of the station, they would stand all day almost motionless and hold the begging bowl in their hands. If they got an offering, again, thay chanted the Heart Sutra and bowed deeply.

In many Asian customs it is a much more common sight. The perishable food must be eaten on this day before noon, since monks are not allowed to eat after midday and can not keep food in the heat. They also get cloths and other necessities on their begging trip.

Doing Takuhatsu at Year End to collect money to help the poor
全額　千葉日報福祉事業団へ寄付


. . . CLICK here for TAKUHATSU Photos !

Ryokan doing Takuhatsu
http://www2.tokai.or.jp/mm/hankeiji.jpg


An American Monk doing Takuhatsu
Some of the Japanese monasteries still send out their monks to beg in the streets on a monthly or weekly schedule , and I had found it an important practice to me when I was in Japan...more in harmony with my spirit then sitting still endless hours ..
http://scurrilousmonk.blogspot.com/2004/05/on-practice-or-non-practice-of.html

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Look at an outfit of a wandering monk
(unsui 旅装の雲水) Unsui ... Clouds and Water)

http://blog.livedoor.jp/worldkigo/archives/22725901.html

. . . CLICK here for UNSUI Photos !


quote
Unsui (Japanese: 雲水), or kōun ryūsui (行雲流水) in full, is a term specific to Zen Buddhism which denotes a postulant awaiting acceptance into a monastery or a novice monk who has undertaken Zen training. Sometimes they will travel from monastery to monastery (angya) on a pilgrimage to find the appropriate Zen master to study with.
The term unsui, which literally translates as "cloud, water" comes from a Chinese poem which reads,
"To drift like clouds and flow like water."
Helen J. Baroni writes, "The term can be applied more broadly for any practitioner of Zen, since followers of Zen attempt to move freely through life, without the constraints and limitations of attachment, like free-floating clouds or flowing water."
According to author James Ishmael Ford, "In Japan, one receives unsui ordination at the beginning of formal ordained practice, and this is often perceived as 'novice ordination.'"
itinerant monk
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


.komusoo 虚無僧 Komuso wandering begging monks .


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Himalayan Singing Bowls are a different matter.
Our friend Geert Verbeke has written a book about it. He explains almost anything you would like to know in alphabetical order.


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Most of the information quoted above is from my book on Buddhist Ritual Tools.

.. .. .. Buddhistische Kultgegenstände Japans
.. .. .. Ein Handbuch
http://darumamuseumgallery.blogspot.com/2008/06/kultgegenstand-inhalt.html

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.............. H A I K U


これや世の煤に染まらぬ古合子
kore ya yo no susu ni somaranu furu gooshi / goosu / gabushi

well - this old set of bowls
is not colored by the soot
of this world

Written in December 1689, Genroku 2 元禄2年12月, In Zeze 膳所.
For Haikai Kanjin Choo 俳諧勧進牒 compiled by Yasomura Rotsuu 八十村路通 Rotsu.

Rotsu had left his bag with a set of five bowls at a lodging in Osaka. The proprietor of the inn delivered it seven years later to Awazu (Shiga) and its owner was overjoyed.
When Basho heard this story, he wrote this hokku. It is a rare story of kindness and goodwill, even at the time of Basho.

The cut marker YA is in the middle of line 1.
The kigo here is suzuharai 煤払ひ wiping of the soot for New Year preparations.


. Matsuo Basho 松尾芭蕉 - Archives of the WKD .

. - Yasomura Rotsuu 八十村路通 Rotsu - .


Another item called gooshi, gōshi :
. gooshi, gōshi- goosu 合子 incense container .

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なぐさみのはっちはっちや秋日和
nagusami no hatchi-hatchi ya akibiyori

chanting for alms
in consolation ...
fine autumn day

Kobayashi Issa
Tr. Gabi Greve


hatchi-hatchi, the shorter form is hachi-hachi
(Begging Bowl, the prayer at the gate of a believer to get some food alms)



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One Robe, One Bowl
The Zen Poetry of Ryokan


A Bowl of Rice
Haiku of Taneda Santoka


Poetry and a Bowl of Tea
Lee Gurga

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山盛の花の吹雪や犬の椀
yamamori no hana no fubuki ya inu no wan

cherry blossoms
blown in the dog's bowl -
a real heap full

Issa
Tr. Gabi Greve

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Speiseopfer, Wasseropfer Deutscher Text

. . . . . TEXT
Buddhistische Kultgegenstände Japans




. WASHOKU - Food Offerings
Umi no Sachi, Yama no Sachi



[ . BACK to TOP WORLDKIGO . ]
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Daruma-gama, a Kiln

Daruma-gama, the Daruma Kiln だるま窯 Visiting the Tile Museum in Kikuma, I came upon the above poster on the wall. This is a special reduction-type kiln for making black roof tiles. Because his from looks like a seated Daruma in meditation, it got this name. This type of kiln has been used since the Heian period and today is still active in three places in Japan. One of them is in Kikuma. This type of kiln can be fired from both sides and the smoke emerges from the middle part. Some also have two chambers, looking like a gourd, but are still called "Daruma Kiln". More than 1000 tiles can be fired at once, but for quality tiles only about 300 pieces. Below is a private one in Takahama Town. Mr. Takahashi used only pine wood to fire it. Now with environmental problems, other means of making tiles are used and this one now is only a museum piece of the town. 戦後の一時期までは、原料に松材などをもちいて瓦を焼くだるま窯が各地で使用されていたが、松材の不足、窯の手入れの問題、そして煙害からの近代化への対応などから重油、ガスを原料とした焼成窯に変わってきており、現在ではほとんどだるま窯を見かけなくなっている。ここ高浜でも一基だけ残っているが、現在では使用されてなく、市の指定保存物となっている。 高浜市：高橋さんのだるま窯 http://www.harima.co.jp/naval/trip/s11/36.html :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Diagram of a Daruma Kiln A Daruma Kiln in Osaka 大阪市教育委員会と(財)大阪市文化財協会は、平成14年４月末から７月初めにかけて大阪市中央区和泉町１丁目で大坂城跡の発掘調査を行いました。この発掘調査において、達磨窯と呼ばれる９基の瓦窯を、市内で初めて発見しました。　達磨窯とは、16世紀に成立したと考えられる窯で、両端にある焚口から燃料をくべて瓦を焼きます〔左下図〕。横から見た形が座っている達磨に似ていることからこの名が付きました。発掘調査で出土した文字瓦〔右下写真〕などの遺物を整理した結果、これまで出土例が少なかった、大坂の陣（1614～15年）で荒廃した大坂城・城下町の復興の時期にあたる17世紀前半ころの窯であることが判明しました。 http://www.occpa.or.jp/ivent/toretate/daruma/DARUMA.html ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Great instructive Japanese link with pictures about such a kiln. It is a PDF file and takes a while, but is quite instructive. It also shows a diagram of the kiln. http://www.kyoto-arc.or.jp/181.pdf だるま窯（だるまがま） 古くから使われていた窯で、とくに いぶし瓦が生まれてくると、還元に便利な だるま窯が発達した。両側に焚き口があり、窯中央上部に煙突が付けられる。窯は粘土で作られている。だるま窯の場合、火力は下部から上部にのぼるため、下部で火力が強く窯の上部は火力が弱い。１回で１０００枚程度焼くことができるが、上質なものは３００枚程度である。 http://www8.ocn.ne.jp/~kawarak/tt.html#daru 還元窯（かんげんがま） いぶし瓦を製造するのに、焼成の最後の段階で燻化し、瓦の表面に炭素の微粉をつきさすように付着させるが、そのための窯を還元窯という。以前は だるま窯 を使い、２００～２５０℃で「あぶり」として１０時間、さらに５５０～７００℃で「中だき」として６時間、８５０～１０００℃で「本だき」として２時間、同じ温度で２時間の「練らしだき」を行う。この段階で煙出し穴を閉じて、松薪、松葉などを入れて焚き口など全てを閉めて燻しを始める。炭素と水分が化合して炭化水素となり、瓦の表面に付着する。現在では重油のトンネル窯を改良した還元窯により、燻し瓦も大量生産されている。 http://www.kawara.gr.jp/more/kk.htm 豊川のだるま窯 Daruma Kiln of Toyokawa １．だるま窯とは 　だるま窯（地上式小型平窯、俗称だるま窯と呼ばれる）の原形は平安時代につくられる。桃山時代には完成。当初は焚き口は一つで外観が達磨が座禅している姿に似ていたことから付けられる。桃山時代の発掘例には焚き口が２つ付いており、この頃にはだるま窯を２つ背中合わせに付けた窯となる。形は達磨と違う形になったが俗称が今日まで使われる。その理由は定かでない。 http://www.tcp-ip.or.jp/~amano-ta/toukai-sangyouisan03/toyokawa-darumagama2002.7.7.htm 深草瓦町をあるく Kawaramachi ここが桃山城の瓦も焼いたという、瓦屋「寺本甚兵衛」　少年の頃の当主は、耳から白い毛を出していた、取っつきにくそうなおじいさんだった。　表の壁に柴がうずたかく積まれておいてあったが、その上やなかまで潜り込んで遊んだりして、よくおこられた。　出入りは自由だったようで、中に入って、瓦職人さんの仕事を見たり、「だるまがま」というのだったか、瓦を焼く窯の火入れを見たり、釜だしを見たりした。　　「定賀さん」といういかにも職人という雰囲気のほとんどお話にならない職人さんがいた。　鬼瓦を作れるのはその方だけと聞いていて、すごい人だと思った。　その方は、この瓦屋の向かいの粗末な家に住んでおられた。 http://www.ne.jp/asahi/zouwata/1/sunpo/hurusato/kawaramati.htm ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: だるま窯 －消えゆく伝統の技術－ Shoji Ishida The Daruma Kiln, a traditon lost 　瓦を焼いた初期の窯は、山の斜面に穴を掘って造られた穴窯でした。この形式の窯が飛鳥寺や法隆寺近くで発掘されて保存されています。それが時代を経て、平地に造られたのが平窯です。手前に焚口があり、その奥に焼成室があります。焼成室の床には、火の通りを良くするためにロストルの役割を果たす畦が造られています。瓦を焼くこの平窯は外見がだるまが座ったような形であったので、だるま窯と呼ばれました。その後、なるべく大量に焼くことができるようにと二基のだるま窯を背中合わせにし、煙突も付けられて、今日のだるま窯の構造となりました。火室口と呼ばれる焚口が二つあり、瓦の出し入れは、横腹の戸口から行われました。 　だるま窯では、当初は燃料に薪を使用していましたが、明治のおわり頃から石炭が使われるようになり、戦後は重油、そして天然ガスが使われるようになりました。 　高浜市で最後まで残った高橋栄氏（田戸町五丁目）のだるま窯は、一九九四年一月まで黒瓦を焼いていました。一度に焼く七〇〇枚の桟瓦を焼く能力があります。瓦を焼くには、一般にあぶりから始めて本焚きに一二時間から一五時間、最後に松葉や松材を焚いて、燻すという還元炎焼成を行います。この燻し作業によって、燃料の炭素が瓦に固着して、瓦みごとな黒色に変色し、瓦の表面が一様に気密となって雨水の浸透を防止するのです。 　高浜市、最後のだるま窯は、道路整備により取り壊される運命にあります。三州瓦業発展の礎であったこのだるま窯、なんとか産業遺産として保存できないものかと思うのです。 http://www.tcp-ip.or.jp/~ishida96/ih-aichi/daruma.html ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: The Development of Japanese Kilns for Tiles 江戸時代以前からの屋根瓦焼成用の小型の窯です。中央に瓦を800～900枚程度詰めることのできる空間があり、その両脇に一段低い炊き口をもち、正面から見ると達磨の姿に似ているところから“だるま窯”と名付けられました。この窯は現在でも、黒色のいぶし瓦を焼くのに使われています。 窯の表面の小さなすき間（土の窯なので表面に生じるクラックなど）を粘土で埋めてしまうことにより、窯の内部を完全に密封することができます。窯内を酸欠、すなわち還元状態にしておいて、さらに松葉でいぶすのです。3日間ほどかけて黒瓦を焼くそうです。 だるま窯と見られる瓦窯でれんがを焼いたとする記述は少なくありません。「円形ニシテ左右ニ素地出入口ヲ附ケ前方ニ焚口ヲ設ケタル瓦窯ノ丸キモノ」ですとか「ダルマ窯ト称スル恰モ我国旧来ノ瓦窯ヲ一方口ト為セシ如キモノヲ築キ」などの文面が見られます。 『煉瓦要説』という本によれば、だるま窯には1700～1800本のれんが素地を詰めることができたそうです。 http://www.maizuru.net/seizou3.htm Mikawa Tiles production also used a Daruma-gama in former times. 三河地域は近世から だるま窯による瓦製造を行っていたが、1960年代に入りトンネルキルンが導入され本格的な大量生産、大幅コストダウンの時代に入っていった。さらに、機械業者や金型業者、釉薬業者など瓦を支える周辺業者との連携によって、他産地との競争に打ち勝った。 http://www.zofrex.co.jp/zairyou/kawara/index2.html ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: More about the Tile Museum in Kikuma http://home.e-catv.ne.jp/tour-ehime/kikuma.htm The Gread Roof Tiles of Fish under Water http://happyhaiku.blogspot.com/2005/05/illusions-with-fish.html English Links about Roof Tiles http://www.marble-tile.com/tile/japanese-roof-tile.html ........................................................................................................................... Handmade Edo Japanese Roof Tile, Daruma late Edo period, c. 1800-1868. http://www.jcollector.com/stores/hosoge/items/95632/en1jcollector.html :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Here is a flag with Daruma from Sumiyoshi Maru, a tile transporting ship, also on display at the tile museum in Kikuma. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: My Story about Mikawa Clay Daruma Dolls http://www.amie.or.jp/daruma/Mikawa.html ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: To the Daruma Museum Index http://darumasan.blogspot.com/